Perceptions on Pregnancy Critical Thinking

Many view pregnant women as special people who require special attention and who are always in need of assistance. It is common for people to give way for pregnant women to pass, help carry their groceries to the car and other helpful gestures. However, this also depends on age. In some cultures, young unmarried expectant ladies might be treated with contempt and avoided by some. According to Crawford, the reaction to pregnancy can be viwed in terms of benevolent and hostile sexism (Crawford, 2001, P. 277). The woman can either be pampered and be treated as special in the case of benevolent sexism, or, the woman can be discriminated against, like when making job applications. These reactions might contribute greatly to a woman’s emotonal responses to pregnancy. The benevolent sexists might make a pregnant woman feel overwhelmed with the new status due to the expectations ‘placed’ on her. This special treatment might make the whole journey of childbirth seem bigger and more important, putting the woman at a loss and making her feel incapable of fullfilling this ‘huge’ responsibility. The hostile sexists might make women feel fulnerable due to their condition. The woman might fear attempting things that would expose her to such an embarrassment. Crawford states that these two reactions sustain social inequality and exposes the women to ‘an extra dose of sexuality’ since their condition is evident (P. 277). The media representation of motherhood has been that of the able woman who can handle her pregnancy, childbirth and child-rearing with ease, respect and a certain decorum that almost every other society expects of the pregnant woman. Crawford explains that the media representation of a mother as a superwoman, subtle in her ways, and with no sexual expression is false (p. 275). She further states that the Madona image of a mother who is successful in everyhting and balances career with being a wife and a mother; is not practical and put a lot of pressure on women. When a woman is expectant, at some point they have to take time of work to have the baby and nurse. This affects her career as she has a lot of catching up to do once she resumes. Some women also choose to quit work and become stay-at-home mothers. Crawford explains that the impact on career is dependent on the mother’s social class. Middle class women mostly quit their jobs and rare their children while the low class women are forced to get jobs to be able to provide for their families (p. 278). References Crawford, M. 2011. Transformations: Women, Gender, and Psychology. MCGraw Hill.

Disruption Of The Airline Industry - 1226 Words

Disruption in the Airline Industry Prepared by: Mark Lanz City University of Seattle, IS-330, winter 2016/2017 Abstract Keywords: hypothesis Disruption in the Airline Industry Conceptual air carrier, Poppi, provides the framework for an analysis that will be discussed throughout this paper in regards to disruptive technologies and their effect on the airline industry. Baltzan (2015, p. 231) observes that disruptive technologies are â€Å"a new way of doing things that initially does not meet the needs of existing customer.† Shu (2015) offers the airline industry is continually trying to reinvent itself to attract attention and increase revenue. However, the stress and headaches experienced by most†¦show more content†¦Similar to Uber and Airbnb, Teague’s concept would absolutely offer disruption to the status quo of air travel (Shu, 2015). The conceptual air carrier is called Poppi and they have analyzed the stress experienced by travelers and other industry shortcomings to focus on the needs of the passenger while ignoring established industry practices. Would these radical ideas offered by Poppi c reate a wake-up call for the airline industry, and particularly legacy carriers? Professor Taneja explains that most airlines acknowledge the importance of disruptive innovation, however, their degree of reaction varies greatly from one carrier to another (Accenture, 2017). He also notes the industry is divided in their reaction to disruption with some continuing business as usual and others completely overhauling how they do business altogether. Strategies for transformation in dealing with each carrier’s workforce, processes, and legacy systems requires the right mindset and leveraging emerging technologies. Poppi attempts to addresses these issues while focusing on what bothers air travelers most and changing the mindsets of major carriers to envision the future of air travel. Wilson (2015) reports Devin Liddell, Teague’s principle brand strategist, would eliminate carry-on luggage and reduce the size of overhead bins to only accommodate personal items such as compu ter bags and jackets. Teague conducted boarding simulationsShow MoreRelatedRailway Labor Act And Impact On Modern Day Airlines1564 Words   |  7 PagesRailway Labor Act and Impact on Modern Day Airlines For decades, the railroad industry was in a period of great economic political, and industrial changes in the United States. The industrial boom was taking its toll on the United States, and the widespread violent work stoppages were detrimental to the railroad industry due to tensions escalating between unions and workers. President Calvin Coolidge was strongly vocal about the issue and urged railroads and unions to recommend legislation to improveRead MoreExternal Factor Airline Industry833 Words   |  4 PagesExternal Factors: Oportunities * Acquisitions * Asset leverage * Financial markets (raise money through debt, etc) * Emerging markets and expansion abroad * Innovation * Online * Product and services expansion * Membership of any airline alliance will help to increase reach via code share agreements * Leverage on association with coffee company like Starbucks to provide onboard coffee by creating awareness in all coffee outlets * International flights and global expansion * PotentialRead MoreExternal Analysis PESTL Analysis1224 Words   |  5 Pagesmodel. Thereafter, an analysis of the industry and competitive environment of AirAsia will assist in identifying the main oppurtunities and threats. 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This paper will explain two factors related to the airline industry that were most affected, the American people and the economy. People had many different reactions to the attacks on September 11th. Some people became more fearful and scared to fly. The airline industry was affected because people were canceling their flights. â€Å"Immediately after the attacks, domesticRead MoreThe Deregulation Of The Airline Industry1037 Words   |  5 Pagesall commercial airlines under the Railway Labor Act. Since then, there was a period of 42 years under economic regulation where the government oversaw labor relations. Since deregulation, the goals of collective bargaining have not changed much, nor have the objectives of management and labor unions. (Wensveen, 2011, p. 422) The deregulation of the airline industry may have been a win for passengers, but most likely not a win for labor groups. Prior to deregulation the airline industry was highly unionized

Placebo and Nocebo free essay sample

In Helen Pilcher’s article, â€Å"The New Witch Doctors: How Belief Can Kill,† she discusses the ethical dilemmas of the power of patients’ beliefs in the nocebo and placebo effects. The power of belief is so strong it can either make the patient feel better or become even sicker. This causes a problem for doctors because no matter how they state the truth it always ends up becoming a problem in the end. A placebo is a dummy pill that can produce a very real response in the patient. This effect convinces people that they will feel better when in reality they did not take any medication. The expectations of the patient play an important role in the placebo effect; the more a person expects the treatment to work, the more likely he or she is to feel better. For example, a patient participates in a study to determine the effectiveness of a new headache drug. We will write a custom essay sample on Placebo and Nocebo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After taking the drug, she finds that her headache quickly disappears and she feels much better. However, she later learns that she was in the placebo group and that the drug she was given was just a sugar pill. This patient was highly motivated by her belief that this treatment would actual work. Even though the placebo effect is just a dummy pill it can cause problems with the patient who is undergoing the treatment. Pilcher states, â€Å" Placebos cannot produce miracles, but they do produce measurable physical effects,† (page 2). Once a patient believes that the pill may or may not work they start experiencing the sides effects to this dummy pill. This can make the paitent become again knowing the treatment was not working. Therefore, the placebo effect depends on the person and how they react to medication. For instance, an optimistic patient is to more likely believe that these pills may work because that is what the physician told him. Pilcher states, â€Å"Women tend to operate more on past experiences† (page 4). Women tend to react as others react; if others around them are sick women tend to catch that cold. However, whereas the placebo effect causes patients to feel better with no medication, with the nocebo effect, patients believe medication can hurt them, so they feel worse after taking a pill. The nocebo effect is the  phenomenon in which inert substances actually bring about negative effects in a patient. For some, when a doctor informs a patient about a pill or procedure’s potential side effects, it can bring about real life symptoms. Moreover, if a doctor tells a patient that he only has five years to live, that patient is prone to have that negative thought in his mind. Pilcher quotes Guy Montgomery saying, â€Å"It can happen days before, or on the journey on the way in†(page 4). This negative mind set is making the patient become even more ill then he originally is. This suggests that because the power of belief, if the patient thinks he is truly going to die in five years, he will. Furthermore, doctors have much bigger power over their patients because their patients trust their medical expertise. Many people believe that if something can hurt you, it will. Helen Pilcher quotes Meador in her article saying, â€Å"Bad news promotes bad physiology† (page 5). This all depends on how much information doctor’s relay to their patients, as well as how they present that information. However, there are also solutions that are able to make the nocebo effect not as problematic. The first solution is hypnosis, which decreases patients’ anxiety and stress. When a patient is told how much longer they have to live, the patient now has to live with heightened anxiety and stress, causing them to lose the motivation to become better. Another solution that can solve the stress of the nocebo effect is doctors choosing their words carefully. In Pilcher’s article, Montgomery states, â€Å"Its all about how you say it† (Page 3). Doctors should know how to tell a patient what may happen or what side effects may occur more calmly then abruptly. When a doctor is going to approach the patient who only has five more years to live, that patient would want his doctor to be sympathetic about his situation. Because some patients may suffer side effects when doctors tell them they will, it is the doctor’s fault if they feel ill. However, doctors should still tell patients the truth in a way that keeps up the patients’ motivation, and minimizes their anxiety and stress levels. This allows people to be in the know about their health, without planting ideas in their head that will make them feel worse.

Sam Adams Biography free essay sample

The second part of the paper will describe retain aspects of Samuel Adams life as read in chapters 2 and 3 of the biography entitled Samuel Adams; Father of the American Revolution by Mark pull. Samuel Adams was born on September 27, 1722 in Boston, Massachusetts. He grew up in a strong, moral and intellectual family who had a Strong belief in the church and valued education above all else. Interest in politics ran in the Adams family as well. His father, Deacon Samuel Adams was the founder of Bosons Caucus Club, which was made up of working class people who would meet to discuss political views.As a child growing up listening to these tenting, Samuel Adams had showed interest in the government. Because the family was very religious as well, it was expected of Sam to one day become a minister. Spending his childhood devoted to religion and the church, he believed that he would turn out to be one as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Sam Adams Biography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (AY, AY) At the age of fourteen, Sam Adams enrolled in Harvard University. There he studied Hebrew, Latin, and Greek, philosophy, science, writing and public speaking. He seemed to enjoy writing and philosophy the most. John Locke was his favorite philosopher and he took much interest in his writings.Locke leveled that the government did not have the right to tax people without the consent of the people through their elected representatives. Whenever the power that is put in any hands for the government of the people, and the protection of our properties, is applied to other ends, and made use of to impoverish, harass or subdue them to the arbitrary and irregular commands of those that have it; there it presently becomes tyranny, whether those that thus use it are one or many. (Locke, Second Treatise, Chapter 18) Adams studied these ideas nonstop, ultimately influencing and shaping his political sews. AY) Samuel Adams was different from other scholars, he was not interested in power, business or materialistic things. He took interest in the Civil liberties of his fellow men. At the age of the seventeen, Adams graduated from Harvard university. However he decided to continue with school to earn his masters degree, which he received in 1743. While in graduate school, Dams father decided to start a Land Bank. Since this was during time of the Currency Act, he tried to issue paper currency as a plan to help the struggling colonists. However, not everyone agreed with this. The upper class of Boston requested the British Parliament took action. The bank resulted in being shut down, leaving the Adams in poor economic condition. Worried for his family, Sam Adams wanted to drop out of school so he could help them out. His family wouldnt hear of it, so instead he starting working throughout college. Adams disagreed with Parliaments decision entirely and thought the British had violated the rights of a man to retain his own property. Although he was brought up to be a minister, he found his calling in politics and civil liberties.At the beginning of his political career, Sam Adams became a tax collector in Boston for a number of years. He soon became a member of the CaUCUS Club and was elected to the Massachusetts assembly the Great and General Court. Adams helped control local elections and participated in the town meetings. He was active in many of other organizations among Boston as well, such as the Loyal Nine, the North End Caucus and the Sons of Liberty. With his great involvement in politics, Sam Adams soon came to realize that Parliaments rule and power over the colonies was unfair. AY , El) After the costly Seven Years War, Britain was in a great amount of debt. In order to help pay it off, the government decided to have the colonists be Of assistance. In 1 764, Prime Minister George Greenville passed the first revenue on the colonists, the Sugar Act. Not many colonists thought twice over the new tax. Sam Adams was in shock that no one found this an issue. He considered the Sugar Act a violation of self-government and that the colonists could not allow Parliament to keep taxing them.Adams believed this would lead to more taxes, more royal officials, dependence of Britain, and eventually loud take away the colonists freedom of self-government. As a dedicated federalist, he knew the alliance between Britain and the colonies must be broken. (Pull, Chapter 2) In a way to try to put a stop to the Sugar Act, Adams attempted to strategies a boycott Of English goods. By not buying anymore Of the goods and canceling orders, it was hoped that the British merchants would complain to the government and request a repeal of the act. Adams believed that this was a civil rights matter and the colonists right to self-government was being violated. He tried to unite the colonies and enlighten them of the idea that taxation was just a means of eliminating colonial rights. However, the colonists thought there werent anything wrong with the tax and did not believe they had the ability to rebel against Britain. Therefore, the majority of colonists did not participate in the boycott and continued to pay the tax. Adams kept trying to persuade the colonists, knowing that excess taxation would lead to a submissive nation to England.The governor of Massachusetts however denied the right to assemble, so the attempt to stop the new tax was a failure. Pull, Chapter 2) Because the protests over the Sugar Act were dismissed, a year later another new tax was being planned. Parliament, still in need of more money, proposed the Stamp Act. This was a tax on all paper and printed goods sold within the colonies. With the colonists in uproar, Sam Adams became a convincing voice that their liberties were being taken away and that the boycott he had originally planned for the Sugar Act should be reinstated and reinforced. Little by little, the colonists began to realize he was right.As another attempt to try to put a stop to these unreasonable taxes, Adams wrote up a statement of colonial rights as well as a petition to King George Ill. The Sons of Liberty, a secret Whig society, as well as other revolutionists began to take up the cause with Sam Adams. They tried once again to assemble the thirteen colonies for a unified resistance. This time it was a success regardless of the governors efforts. (Pull, Chapter 3) Many protests had taken place throughout Boston by the angered colonists. Sam Adams was not happy about this though, he wanted to protest in a non- violent and peaceful matter.The Stamp Act congress had been put in order y the united colonists, which was the first organized petition to the King of England. They argued that taxation without representation violated the civil rights of all British subjects. Sam Adams once said, When the colonies saw the common danger, they at the same time saw their mutual dependence, and mutually called in the assistance of each other (Pull, 57). The issues over the taxes had finally been addressed, and It had been acknowledged that the Stamp Act was not enforceable in Massachusetts. The legislature was to reopen the sessions, arguing that Parliament would be unwilling to repeal the ax while colonists denied it authority over America. (Pull, Chapters 2-3) Dams name became more and more well-known and respected among the colonies. His writings and ideas of independence and colonial rights were encouraging and influential to the colonists. They never would have thought that breaking free from Englands rule would be as possible as it was now. No matter what Parliament tried to throw at them, the colonists remained united and followed revolutionist, Sam Adams.Adams made instructions and strategies for every scenario, such as the Townsend Acts. He was a major nutrition and influence in the Boston Tea Party, and had a major role in the recovery of the Boston Massacre. They were getting closer and closer to freedom and they would do whatever possible to reach it. (Pull Chapter 3, El) By changing the colonists views and confidence of freedom, Adam had accomplished what he had longed for. The Revolution had begun, and the colonists were no longer dependent on Britain. After many battles and moralities, America had finally won their independence.

Five Myths About Multiracial People in the U.S.

Five Myths About Multiracial People in the U.S. When Barack Obama set his sights on the presidency, newspapers suddenly began devoting a lot more ink to the multiracial identity. Media outlets from Time Magazine and the New York Times to the British-based Guardian and BBC News pondered the significance of Obama’s mixed heritage. His mother was a white Kansan and his father a black Kenyan. Mixed-race people continue to make news headlines, thanks to the U.S. Census Bureau’s finding that the country’s multiracial population is exploding. But just because mixed-race people are in the spotlight doesn’t mean that the myths about them have vanished. What are the most common misconceptions about multiracial identity? This list both names and dispels them. Multiracial People Are Novelties What’s the fastest-growing group of young people? According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the answer is multiracial youths. Today, the United States includes more than 4.2 million children identified as multiracial. That’s a jump of nearly 50 percent since the 2000 census. And among the total U.S. population, the number of people identifying as multiracial spiked by 32 percent, or 9 million. In the face of such groundbreaking statistics, it’s easy to conclude that multiracial people are a new phenomenon now rapidly growing in rank. The truth is, however, that multiracial people have been a part of the country’s fabric for centuries. Consider anthropologist Audrey Smedley’s finding that the first child of mixed Afro-European ancestry was born in the U.S. eons ago- way back in 1620. There’s also the fact that historical figures from Crispus Attucks to Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable to Frederick Douglass were all mixed-race. A major reason why it appears that the multiracial population has soared is that for years and years, Americans weren’t allowed to identify as more than one race on federal documents such as the census. Specifically, any American with a fraction of African ancestry was deemed black due to the â€Å"one-drop rule.† This rule proved particularly beneficial to slave owners, who routinely fathered children with slave women. Their mixed-race offspring would be considered black, not white, which served to increase the highly profitable slave population. The year 2000 marked the first time in ages that multiracial individuals could identify as such on the census. By that point in time, though, much of the multiracial population had grown accustomed to identifying as just one race. So, it’s uncertain if the number of multiracials is actually soaring or if ten years after they were first permitted to identify as mixed-race, Americans are finally acknowledging their diverse ancestry. Only Brainwashed Multiracials Identify as Black A year after President Obama identified himself as solely black on the 2010 census, he’s still garnering criticism. Most recently, Los Angeles Times columnist Gregory Rodriguez wrote that when Obama marked only black on the census form, â€Å"he missed an opportunity to articulate a more nuanced racial vision for the increasingly diverse country he heads.† Rodriguez added that historically Americans haven’t publicly acknowledged their multiracial heritage due to social pressures, taboos against miscegenation and the one-drop rule. But there’s no evidence that Obama identified as he did on the census for any of those reasons. In his memoir, Dreams From My Father, Obama remarks that the mixed people he’s encountered who insist on the multiracial label concern him because they often seem to make a concerted effort to distance themselves from other blacks. Other mixed-race people such as the author Danzy Senna or the artist Adrian Piper say that they choose to identify as black because of their political ideologies, which include standing in solidarity with the largely oppressed African-American community. Piper writes in her essay â€Å"Passing for White, Passing for Black†: â€Å"What joins me to other blacks†¦is not a set of shared physical characteristics, for there is none that all blacks share. Rather, it is the shared experience of being visually or cognitively identified as black by a white racist society, and the punitive and damaging effects of that identification.† People Who Identify as â€Å"Mixed† Are Sellouts Before Tiger Woods became a tabloid fixture, thanks to a string of infidelities with a slew of blondes, the most controversy he sparked involved his racial identity. In 1997, during an appearance on â€Å"The Oprah Winfrey Show,† Woods declared that he did not view himself as black but as â€Å"Cablinasian.† The term Woods coined to describe himself stands for each of the ethnic groups that make up his racial heritage- Caucasian, black, Indian (as in Native American) and Asian. After Woods made this declaration, members of the black community were livid. Colin Powell, for one, weighed in on the controversy by remarking, â€Å"In America, which I love from the depths of my heart and soul, when you look like me, you’re black.† After his â€Å"Cablinasian† remark, Woods was largely seen as a race-traitor, or at the very least, someone aiming to distance himself from blackness. The fact that none of Woods’ long line of mistresses was a woman of color only added to this perception. But many who identify as mixed-race don’t do so to reject their heritage. On the contrary, Laura Wood, a biracial student at the University of Maryland told the New York Times: â€Å"I think it’s really important to acknowledge who you are and everything that makes you that. If someone tries to call me black, I say, ‘yes - and white.’ People have the right not to acknowledge everything, but don’t do it because society tells you that you can’t.† Mixed People Are Raceless In the popular discourse, multiracial people are oft characterized as if they’re raceless. For example, the headlines of news articles about President Obama’s mixed-race heritage often ask, â€Å"Is Obama Biracial or Black?† It’s as if some people believe that the different racial groups in one’s heritage cancel each other out like positive and negative figures in a math equation. The question shouldnt be whether Obamas black or biracial. He’s both- black and white. Explained the black-Jewish writer Rebecca Walker: â€Å"Of course Obama is black. And he’s not black, too. He’s white, and he’s not white, too. ... He’s a lot of things, and neither of them necessarily exclude the other.† Race-Mixing Will End Racism Some people are positively thrilled that the number of mixed-race Americans appears to be soaring. These individuals even have the idealistic notion that race-mixing will lead to bigotry’s end. But these people ignore the obvious: ethnic groups in the U.S. have been mixing for centuries, yet racism hasn’t vanished. Racism even remains a factor in a country such as Brazil, where a wide swath of the population identifies as mixed-race. There, discrimination based on skin color, hair texture, and facial features is endemic- with the most European-looking Brazilians emerging as the country’s most privileged. This goes to show that miscegenation isn’t the cure for racism. Instead, racism will only be remedied when an ideological shift occurs in which people aren’t valued based on what they look like but on what they have to offer as human beings.

Free Essays on Glacial Erosion

Describe and explain the location and variety of features of glacial erosion? (20 marks) Glacial erosion has a massive impact on the landscape and can take thousands of metres off the landscape. There are a number of ways that the landscape can be eroded that form a number of varied features. These features are formed in different areas depending on the feature, as features can only be formed in certain areas. The first landform that I’m going to discuss is a corrie. These are an armchair-shaped basin with a steep back wall and a rock basin. They are formed by a number of processes, nivation is considered to be one of the main initiators of corries. This happens when snow accumulates in hollows and freeze-thaw action beneath the snow causes the underlying rocks to disintegrate, any debris is carried out by summer meltwater streams. The snow patch would grow and the layers would become compressed to form ice. After this plucking is responsible for the steepening of the back wall and rotational movement enables abrasion for the deepening of the corrie basin. Corries locate up the side of mountains and have a very clear dominant orientation. The majority of corries will face north (in the northern hemisphere) this is because this side of the mountain will receive the least insolation so glacial processes will be very active e.g. freeze-thaw weathering. Other factors also have an affec t on the location of corries as corries can still face south but they have to locate further up the mountain to form as it will not be cold enough for glacial processes to take place lower down the mountain side. Corries do not often face towards the sea either as, although still cold they get the warmer winds so were not as likely to have a corrie forming. Corries are also likely to from at higher altitudes as it will be colder. Another feature of glacial erosion is an arà ªte this is formed from a two adjacent corries back walls eroding towards e... Free Essays on Glacial Erosion Free Essays on Glacial Erosion Describe and explain the location and variety of features of glacial erosion? (20 marks) Glacial erosion has a massive impact on the landscape and can take thousands of metres off the landscape. There are a number of ways that the landscape can be eroded that form a number of varied features. These features are formed in different areas depending on the feature, as features can only be formed in certain areas. The first landform that I’m going to discuss is a corrie. These are an armchair-shaped basin with a steep back wall and a rock basin. They are formed by a number of processes, nivation is considered to be one of the main initiators of corries. This happens when snow accumulates in hollows and freeze-thaw action beneath the snow causes the underlying rocks to disintegrate, any debris is carried out by summer meltwater streams. The snow patch would grow and the layers would become compressed to form ice. After this plucking is responsible for the steepening of the back wall and rotational movement enables abrasion for the deepening of the corrie basin. Corries locate up the side of mountains and have a very clear dominant orientation. The majority of corries will face north (in the northern hemisphere) this is because this side of the mountain will receive the least insolation so glacial processes will be very active e.g. freeze-thaw weathering. Other factors also have an affec t on the location of corries as corries can still face south but they have to locate further up the mountain to form as it will not be cold enough for glacial processes to take place lower down the mountain side. Corries do not often face towards the sea either as, although still cold they get the warmer winds so were not as likely to have a corrie forming. Corries are also likely to from at higher altitudes as it will be colder. Another feature of glacial erosion is an arà ªte this is formed from a two adjacent corries back walls eroding towards e...

Wal-Mart v. Dukes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Mart v. Dukes - Research Paper Example The case passed through the district court, ninth Circuit, ninth Circuit en banc and finally to the US Supreme Court in which the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the ninth Circuit en banc on numerous grounds which attracts vehement support on my part. 1. Arguments in favor of the Supreme Court decision There are numerous reasons for the correctness of the decision of the Supreme Court, which may be found on the judgment itself as passed by the Supreme Court, and summed up as follows: I) There must be a common mode of exercising discretion which should be present throughout the company and the respondents in this case were unable to show it. It was unbelievable to conclude by the justices that all the managers would exercise discretion in a common way without any common direction. (Wal Mart 15-16). II) The statistical evidence which was provided by the respondents was insufficient to prove their theory on a class wide basis even if it is taken that they were correct prima facie (Wal Mart 16). III) As per Rule 23(a) (2), it was to find out whether even a single common question existed between the class in order to determine commonality for a class action and found by the court that as the respondents could not provide any convincing evidence to show that a companywide discriminatory and promotion policy existed, the existence of any common question is not established (Wal Mart 19). IV) The respondents also provided anecdotal evidence in support. Respondents submitted about 120 affidavits, which is equivalent to 1 for every 12,500 members in this case. Half of the reports are concentrated only on six states and half of all the States have only one or two cases of sexual discrimination. 14 States have no anecdotes. Even if all the accounts are taken to be true it does not show that the whole company operates under a common policy of discrimination (Wal Mart 18). V) If the plea for monetary relief of the respondent under Rule 23 (b)(2) Civil Procedure is take n into consideration ,it was not correct as Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2) is for injunctive or declaratory relief and not for monetary relief (Wal Mart 20). VI) Commonality requires more than an alleged common violation of the same law (Hyman). The mere claim that they have suffered a Title VII injury won’t be enough to give rise to class action; they must have some common contention in addition (Wal Mart 9). As such the respondent’s action under Rule 23 was not proper. 2) Impact of the decision on future cases Despite the legal accuracy and justification of the Supreme Court decision the decision may have some bad impact so far future cases on the same issue are concerned. The impact may be summed up as follows: I) The court’s decision of reversing the case can harm the enforcement of civil rights and employment discrimination laws. The Supreme Court’s decision of decertifying the Dukes class action may make it hard for other plaintiffs to bri ng class actions depending on the court’s reasoning (Wal Mart v. Dukes 10). II) The fact is that in the instant case the Supreme did not rule on merits of the plaintiffs claims and this may be the reason that Wal Mart may face thousands of individual or multiple-plaintiff lawsuits alleging that a particular manager had discriminated against women (Murray 2). III) It will be difficult for the plaintiffs to obtain class certification in all cases. After the decision on this case, it